R6 Verbs

Overview
As in other Celtic languages, parts of verbs generally come first in a sentence or phrase.

There are no direct words corresponding to ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. Answers are in the affirmative or negative, using parts of verbs in the question.

The only form of the present tense is the continous one (Ta mee goll = I am going -no form like ‘I go’)

Colloquial Manx makes a great deal of use of the verb jannoo (doing/making) as an auxiliary, thereby presenting a greatly simplified verb system.

There are two verbs to be. The usage of one of these (the copula) is restricted in modern Manx.
The Verb ‘to be’ and the Verb ‘to do/make’.

Knowledge of these verbs plus the requisite verbal nouns gives one form of mastery of the Manx verb system.


The Verb ‘to be’

Present tense of ‘to be’
ta mee - I am cha nel mee - I’m not
t’ou - you are cha nel oo - you aren’t
t’eh - he is; it is cha nel eh - he isn’t; it isn’t
t’ee - she is; it is cha nel ee - she isn’t; it isn’t
ta shin - we are cha nel shin - we aren’t
ta shiu - you are cha nel shiu - you aren’t
t’ad - they are cha nel ad - they aren’t

vel mee? - am I? nagh vel mee? - aren’t I?
vel oo? - are you? nagh vel oo? - aren’t you?
vel eh? - is he? is it? nagh vel eh? - isn’t he? isn’t it?
vel ee? - is she? is it? nagh vel ee? - isn’t she? isn’t it?
vel shin? - are we? nagh vel shin? - aren’t we?
vel shiu? - are you? nagh vel shiu? - aren’t you?
vel ad? - are they? nagh vel ad? - aren’t they?


Past tense of ‘to be’
va mee - I was cha row mee - I wasn’t
v’ou - you were cha row uss - you weren’t
v’eh - he was; it was cha row eh - he wasn’t; it wasn’t
v’ee - she was; it was cha row ee - she wasn’t; it wasn’t
va shin - we were cha row shin - we weren’t
va shiu - you were cha row shiu - you weren’t
v’ad - they were cha row ad - they weren’t

row mee? - was I? nagh row mee? - wasn’t I?
r’ou?/row uss? - were you? nagh row uss? - weren’t you?
row eh? - was he? was it? nagh row eh? - wasn’t he? wasn’t it?
row ee? - was she? was it? nagh row ee? - wasn’t she? wasn’t it?
row shin? - were we? nagh row shin? - weren’t we?
row shiu? - were you? nagh row shiu? - weren’t you?
row ad? - were they? nagh row ad? - weren’t they?






Future tense of ‘to be’
bee’m/beeym - I’ll be cha bee’m/cha beeym - I’ll not be
bee oo - you’ll be cha bee oo - you’ll not be
bee eh - he’ll be; it’ll be cha bee eh - he’ll not be
bee ee - she’ll be; it’ll be cha bee ee - she’ll not be; it’ll not be
beemayd - we’ll be cha beemayd - we’ll not be
bee shiu - you’ll be cha bee shiu - you’ll not be
bee ad - they’ll be cha bee ad - they’ll not be

bee’m?/beeym? - will I be? nagh bee’m?/nagh beeym? - won’t I be?
bee oo? - will you be? nagh bee oo? - won’t you be?
bee eh? - will he/it be? nagh bee eh? - won’t he/it be?
bee ee? - will she/it be? nagh bee ee? - won’t she/it be?
beemayd? - will we be? nagh beemayd? - won’t we be?
bee shiu? - will you be? nagh bee shiu? - won’t you be?
bee ad? - will they be? nagh bee ad? - won’t they be?

Emphatic forms:
bee’ms - I will be cha bee’ms - I will not be
beemainyn - we will be cha beemainyn - we will not be

bee’ms? - will I be? nagh bee’ms? - will I not be?
beemainyn? - will we be? nagh beemainyn? - will we not be?

Special form in future of ‘to be’:
vees/vys is used when the verb is relative, that is, after an interrogative, after my (if), or when the subject or direct object precedes the verb. Some examples are:
Cuin vees oo çheet? - When will you be coming?
My vees mayd skee - If we are (will be) tired.
My vee’m berçhagh - If I am (will be) rich.
Y ven vees çheet - The woman who will be coming.

Conditional tense of ‘to be’
veign - I’d be cha beign - I’d not be; I wouldn’t be
veagh oo - you’d be cha beagh oo - you wouldn’t be
veagh eh - he/it’d be cha beagh eh - he/it wouldn’t be
veagh ee - she/it’d be cha beagh ee - she/it wouldn’t be
veagh shin - we’d be cha beagh shin - we wouldn’t be
veagh shiu - you’d be cha beagh shiu - you wouldn’t be
veagh ad - they’d be cha beagh ad - they wouldn’t be

beign? - would I be? nagh beign? - wouldn’t I be?
beagh oo? - would you be? nagh beagh oo? - wouldn’t you be?
beagh eh? - would he/it be? nagh beagh eh? - wouldn’t he/it be?
beagh ee?-would she/it be? nagh beagh ee? - wouldn’t she/it be?
beagh shin? -would we be? nagh beagh shin? - wouldn’t we be?
beagh shiu?-would you be? nagh beagh shiu? - wouldn’t you be?
beagh ad? - would they be? nagh beagh ad? - wouldn’t they be?

Emphatic forms:
veigns - I would be cha beigns - I would not be
beigns? - would I be? nagh beigns? - wouldn’t I be?


The independent form of the verb is that form used in the affirmative (e.g., ta, va, bee, veagh). The dependent form is used in the interrogative and after cha, nagh and some other particles (e.g., vel, nel, row, bee, beagh).


Imperative of ‘to be’:
bee! - be! ( familiar singular form)
bee-jee! - be! (literary: plural/polite singular form)
bee-shiu! - be! (colloquial: plural/polite singular form)


Present, Imperfect, Continuous Future and Conditional Tenses

These tenses for any verb are formed by using the verb ‘to be’ followed by the appropriate verbal noun, for example:

jannoo - doing/making

ta mee jannoo - I am making/I make/I am doing/I do

vel oo jannoo? - are you making?/do you make?/are you doing?/do you do?

va shin jannoo - we were making/we were doing

row ee jannoo? - was she making?/was she doing?

bee shiu jannoo - you will be making/you will be making

cha bee ad jannoo - they’ll not be making/doing

veign jannoo - I’d be making/doing

cha beagh oo jannoo - you’d not be making/doing







The Verb ‘to make/to do’

Past tense of ‘to make/to do’
ren mee - I made/did cha ren mee - I didn’t make/do
ren oo - you made/did cha ren oo - you didn’t make/do
ren eh - he/it made/did cha ren eh - he/it didn’t make/do
ren ee - she/it made/did cha ren ee - she/it didn’t make/do
ren shin - we made/did cha ren shin - we didn’t make/do
ren shiu - you made/did cha ren shiu - you didn’t make/do
ren ad - they made/did cha ren ad - they didn’t make/do

ren mee? - did I make/do? nagh ren mee? - didn’t I make/do?
ren oo? - did you make/do? nagh ren oo? - didn’t you make/do?
ren eh? - did he/it make/do? nagh ren eh? - didn’t he/it make/do?
ren ee? - did she/it make/do? nagh ren ee?-didn’t she/it make/do?
ren shin? - did we make/do? nagh ren shin? - didn’t we make/do?
ren shiu? - did you make/do? nagh ren shiu?- didn’t you make/do?
ren ad? - did they make/do? nagh ren ad? - didn’t they make/do?

Future tense of ‘to make/to do’
nee’m - I’ll make/do cha jeanym - I’ll not make/do
nee oo - you’ll make/do cha jean oo - you’ll not make/do
nee eh - he/it’ll make/do cha jean eh - he/it’ll not make/do
nee ee - she/it’ll make/do cha jean ee - she/it’ll not make/do
neemayd - we’ll make/do cha jeanmayd - we’ll not make/do
nee shiu - you’ll make/do cha jean shiu - you’ll not make/do
nee ad - they’ll make/do cha jean ad - they’ll not make/do

jeanym? - will I make/do? nagh jeanym? - won’t I make/do?
jean oo? - will you make/do? nagh jean oo? - won’t you make/do?
jean eh? - will he/it make/do? nagh jean eh? -won’t he/it make/do?
jean ee? - will she/it make/do? nagh jean ee?-won’t she/it make/do?
jeanmayd? - will we make/do? nagh jeanmayd?-won’t we make/do?
jean shiu? - will you make/do? nagh jean shiu?-won’t you make/do?
jean ad? - will they make/do? nagh jean ad? - won’t they
make/do?










Conditional tense of ‘to make’/’to do’
yinnin - I’d make/do cha jinnin - I wouldn’t make/do
yinnagh oo - you’d make/do cha jinnagh oo - you wouldn’t make/do
yinnagh eh - he/it’d make/do cha jinnagh eh - he/it wouldn’t make/do
yinnagh ee - she/it’d make/do cha jinnagh ee - she/it wouldn’t make/do
yinnagh shin - we’d make/do cha jinnagh shin - we wouldn’t make/do
yinnagh shiu - you’d make/do cha jinnagh shiu - you wouldn’t make/do


jinnin? - would I make/do? nagh jinnin? - wouldn’t
I make/do?
jinnagh oo?-would you make/do? nagh jinnagh oo? - wouldn’t you make/do?
jinnagh eh?-would he/it make/do? nagh jinnagh eh? - wouldn’t
he/it make/do?
jinnagh ee?-would she/it make/do? nagh jinnagh ee? - wouldn’t
she/it make/do?
jinnagh shin? - would we make/do? nagh jinnagh shin? - wouldn’t
we make/do?
jinnagh shiu? - would you make/do? nagh jinnagh shiu? - wouldn’t
you make/do?
jinnagh ad? - would they make/do? nagh jinnagh ad? - wouldn’t
they make/do?

Use of ‘jannoo’ as an Auxiliary

The verb jannoo is used with the appropriate verbal noun. Here are some examples:

goll - going
çheet coming
fakin - seeing

Ren mee fakin - I saw (‘I did seeing’)
Ren oo çheet? - Did you come?
Cha ren eh fakin - He did not see.

Neemayd goll - We will go.
Jean oo fakin? - Will you see?
Cha jean ee çheet - She won’t come.



Yinnin goll - I would go.
Jinnagh shin fakin? - Would we see?
Cha jinnagh ad çheet - They wouldn’t come.


‘Yes’ and ‘No’: examples of questions and answers

Vel oo skee? (Are you tired?) Ta (Yes - ‘Am’)
Nagh vel eh berçhagh? (Isn’t he rich?) Cha nel (No - ‘Is not’)
Row eh mie? (Was it good?) Va (Yes - ‘Was’)
Row ad moal? (Were they slow?) Cha row (No - ‘Were not’)
Bee ad trome? (Will they be heavy?) Bee (Yes - ‘Will be’)
Nagh beemayd skee? (Won’t we be tired?) Cha beemayd (No - ‘We will not be’)
Ren eh fakin? (Did he see?) Ren (Yes - ‘Did’)
Ren ee goll? (Did she go?) Cha ren (No - ‘Did not’)
Bee ad çheet? (Will they be coming?) Bee (Yes - ‘Will be’)
Beagh oo boght? (Would you be poor?) Veagh (Yes - ‘Would be’)
Beagh eh millish? (Would it be sweet?) Cha beagh (No - ‘Would not be’)
Jean oo fakin? (Will you see?) Nee’m (Yes - ‘I will do’)
Jean ad çheet? (Will they come?) Cha jean (No ‘Will not do’)
Jinnagh ee goll? (Would she go?) Yinnagh (Yes - ‘Would do’)
Jinnin fakin? (Would I see?) Cha jinnin (No - ‘I would not do’)



Common Verbs

The nine verbs listed below, along with the verb ‘to be’, are commonly used.
They are generally irregular.

Verbal noun Imperative (singular)
çheet - coming tar! - come!
clashtyn - hearing clasht! - hear!
coyrt/cur - giving; putting cur! - give! / put!
fakin - seeing jeeagh! - see! / look!
feddyn/geddyn - finding/getting fow! - get! / find!
goaill - taking gow! - take! (go!)
goll - going immee! - go!
gra - saying abbyr! - say!
jannoo - making/doing jean! - make! / do!


The Verb ‘çheet’ - ‘coming’

Past tense of ‘çheet’
haink mee - I came cha daink mee - I didn’t come
haink oo - you came cha daink oo - you didn’t come
haink eh - he/it came cha daink eh - he/it didn’t come
haink ee - she/it came cha daink ee - she/it didn’t come
haink shin - we came cha daink shin - we didn’t come
haink shiu - you didn’t come cha daink shiu - you didn’t come
haink ad - they came cha daink ad - they didn’t come

daink mee? - did I come? nagh daink mee? - didn’t I come?
daink oo? - did you come? nagh daink oo? - didn’t you come?
daink eh? - did he/it come? nagh daink eh? - didn’t he/it come?
daink ee? - did she/it come? nagh daink ee? - didn’t she/it come?
daink shin? - did we come? nagh daink shin? - didn’t we come?
daink shiu? - did you come? nagh daink shiu? - didn’t you come?
daink ad? - did they come? nagh daink ad? - didn’t they come?


Future tense of ‘çheet’
higgym - I’ll come cha jiggym - I won’t come
hig oo - you’ll come cha jig oo - you won’t come
hig eh - he/it’ll come cha jig eh - he/it won’t come
hig ee - she/it’ll come cha jig ee - she/it won’t come
higmayd - we’ll come cha jigmayd - we won’t come
hig shiu - you’ll come cha jig shiu - you won’t come
hig ad - they’ll come cha jig ad - they won’t come

jiggym? - will I come? nagh jiggym? - won’t I come?
jig oo? - will you come? nagh jig oo? - won’t you come?
jig eh? - will he/it come? nagh jig eh? - won’t he/it come?
jig ee? - will she/it come? nagh jig ee? - won’t she/it come?
jigmayd? - will we come? nagh jigmayd? - won’t we come?
jig shiu? - will you come? nagh jig shiu? - won’t you come?
jig ad? - will they come? nagh jig ad? - won’t they come?

Conditional tense of ‘çheet’
harrin - I’d come cha darrin - I wouldn’t come
harragh oo - you’d come cha darragh oo -you wouldn’t come
harragh eh - he/it’d come cha darragh eh - he/it wouldn’t come
harragh ee - she/it’d come cha darragh ee-she/it wouldn’t come
harragh shin - we’d come cha darragh shin -we wouldn’t come
harragh shiu - you’d come cha darragh shiu-you wouldn’t come
harragh ad - they’d come cha darragh ad - they wouldn’t come



darrin? - would I come? nagh darrin? - wouldn’t I come?
darragh oo? - would you come? nagh darragh oo? - wouldn’t you come?
darragh eh? - would he/it come? nagh darragh eh? - wouldn’t he/it
come?
darragh ee? - would she/it come? nagh darragh ee? - wouldn’t she/it come?
darragh shin? - would we come? nagh darragh shin? - wouldn’t we
come?
darragh shiu? - would you come? nagh darragh shiu? - wouldn’t you come?
darragh ad? - would they come? nagh darragh ad? - wouldn’t they come?

Imperative of ‘çheet’
Singular: tar Plural: tar-jee / tar-shiu



The Verb ‘clashtyn’ - ‘hearing’

Past tense of ‘clashtyn’
cheayll mee - I heard cha geayll mee - I didn’t hear
cheayll oo - you heard cha geayll oo - you didn’t hear
cheayll eh - he/it heard cha geayll eh - he/it didn’t hear
cheayll ee - she/it heard cha geayll ee - she/it didn’t hear
cheayll shin - we heard cha geayll shin - we didn’t hear
cheayll shiu - you heard cha geayll shiu - you didn’t hear

geayll mee? - did I hear? nagh geayll mee? - didn’t I hear?
geayll oo? - did you hear? nagh geayll oo? - didn’t you hear?
geayll eh? - did he/it hear? nagh geayll eh? - didn’t he/it hear?
geayll ee? - did she/it hear? nagh geayll ee? - didn’t she/it hear?
geayll shin? - did we hear? nagh geayll shin? - didn’t we hear?
geayll shiu? - did you hear? nagh geayll shiu? - didn’t you hear?
geayll ad? - did they hear? nagh geayll ad? - didn’t they hear?

Future tense of ‘clashtyn’
cluinnym - I’ll hear cha gluinnym - I’ll not hear
cluinnee oo - you’ll hear cha gluin oo - you’ll not hear
cluinnee eh - he/it’ll hear cha gluin eh - he/it’ll not hear
cluinnee ee - she/it’ll hear cha gluin ee - she/it’ll not hear
cluinmayd - we’ll hear cha gluinmayd - we’ll not hear
cluinnee shiu - you’ll hear cha gluin shiu - you’ll not hear
cluinnee ad - they’ll hear cha gluin ad - they’ll not hear



gluinnym? - will I hear? nagh gluinnym? - won’t I hear?
gluin oo? - will you hear? nagh gluin oo? - won’t you hear?
gluin eh? - will he/it hear? nagh gluin eh? - won’t he/it hear?
gluin ee? - will she/it hear? nagh gluin ee? - won’t she/it hear?
gluinmayd? - will we hear? nagh gluinmayd? - won’t we hear?
gluin shiu? - will you hear? nagh gluin shiu? - won’t you hear?
gluin ad? - will they hear? nagh gluin ad? - won’t they hear?

Relative
chlinnys

Conditional tense of ‘clashtyn’
chluinnin - I’d hear cha gluinnyn - I wouldn’t hear
chluinnagh oo - you’d hear cha gluinnagh oo - you wouldn’t hear
chuinnagh eh - he/it’d hear cha gluinnagh eh - he/it wouldn’t
hear
chluinnagh ee - she/it’d hear cha gluinnagh ee - she/it wouldn’t
hear\
chluinnagh shin - we’d hear cha gluinnagh shin - we woudln’t
hear
chluinnagh shiu - you’d hear cha gluinnagh shiu - you wouldn’t hear
chluinnagh ad - they’d hear cha gluinnagh ad - they wouldn’t hear


gluinnin? -would I hear nagh gluinnin? - wouldn’t I hear?
gluinnagh oo? - would you hear? nagh gluinnagh oo? - wouldn’t you
hear?
gluinnagh eh?-would he/it hear? nagh gluinnagh eh? - wouldn’t he/it
hear?
gluinnagh ee?-would she/it hear? nagh gluinnagh ee? - wouldn’t she/it hear?
gluinnagh shin?-would we hear? nagh gluinnagh shin? - wouldn’t we hear?
gluinnagh shiu?-would you hear? nagh gluinnagh shiu? - wouldn’t you hear?
gluinnagh ad?-would they hear? nagh gluinnagh ad? - wouldn’t they
hear?


Imperative of ‘clashtyn’
Singular: clasht Plural: clasht-jee / clasht-shiu

Participle of ‘clashtyn’
cluinit

The Verb ‘coyrt’ / ‘cur’ - ‘giving’, ‘putting’
Past tense of ‘coyrt’ / ‘cur’
hug mee - I gave /put cha dug mee - I didn’t give/put
hug oo - you gave/put cha dug oo - you didn’t give/put
hug eh - he/it gave/put cha dug eh - he/it didn’t give/put
hug ee - she/it gave/put cha dug ee - she/it didn’t give/put
hug shin - we gave/put cha dug shin - we didn’t give/put
hug shiu - you gave/put cha dug shiu - you didn’t give/put
hug ad - they gave/put cha dug ad - they didn’t give/put

dug mee? - did I give/put? nagh dug mee? - didn’t I give/put?
dug oo? - did you give/put? nagh dug oo? - didn’t you give/put?
dug eh? - did he/it give/put? nagh dug eh? - didn’t he/it give/put?
dug ee? - did she give/put? nagh dug ee?-didn’t she/it give/put?
dug shin? - did we give/put? nagh dug shin? - didn’t we give/put?
dug shiu? - did you give/put? nagh dug shiu? -didn’t you give/put?
dug ad? - did they give/put? nagh dug ad? - didn’t they give/put?
Future tense of ‘coyrt’ / ‘cur’
verrym - I’ll give/put cha derrym - I’ll not give/put
ver oo - you’ll give/put cha der oo - you won’t give/put
ver eh - he/it’ll give/put cha der eh - he/it won’t give/put
ver ee - she/it’ll give/put cha der ee - she/it won’t give/put
vermayd - we’ll give/put cha dermayd - we won’t give/put
ver shiu - you’ll give/put cha der shiu - you won’t give/put
ver ad - they’ll give/put cha der ad - they won’t give/put

derrym? - will I give/put? nagh derrym? - won’t I give/put?
der oo? - will you give/put? nagh der oo? - won’t you give/put?
der eh? - will he/it give/put? nagh der eh? - won’t he/it give/put?
der ee? - will she/it give/put? nagh der ee? - won’t she/it give/put?
dermayd? - will we give/put? nagh dermayd? - won’t we give/put?
der shiu? - will you give/put? nagh der shiu? - won’t you give/put?
der ad? - will they give/put? nagh der ad? - won’t they give/put?

Conditional tense of ‘coyrt’ / ‘cur’
verrin - I’d give/put cha derrin - I wouldn’t give/put
verragh oo - you’d give/put cha derragh oo - you wouldn’t give/put
verragh eh - he/it’d give cha derragh eh - he/it wouldn’t give/put
verragh ee - she/it’d give/put cha derragh ee - she/it wouldn’t give/put
verragh shin - we’d give/put cha derragh shin - we wouldn’t give/put
verragh shiu - you’d give/put cha derragh shiu - you wouldn’t give/put
verragh ad - they’d give/put cha derragh ad - they wouldn’t give/put
derrin? - would I give/put? nagh derrin? - wouldn’t I give/put?
derragh oo?-would you give/put? nagh derragh oo? - wouldn’t you give/put?
derragh eh?-would he/it give/put? nagh derragh eh? - wouldn’t he/it give/put?
derragh ee? - would she/it give/put? nagh derragh ee? - wouldn’t
she give/put?
derragh shin? - would we give/put? nagh derragh shin? - wouldn’t
we give/put?
derragh ad? - would they give/put? nagh derragh ad? - wouldn’t they give/put?


Imperative of ‘coyrt’ / ‘cur’
Singular: cur Plural: cur-jee / cur-shiu

Participle of ‘coyrt’ / ‘cur’
currit



The Verb ‘fakin’ - ‘seeing’

Past tense of ‘fakin’
honnick mee - I saw cha vaik mee - I didn’t see
honnick oo - you saw cha vaik oo - you didn’t see
honnick eh - he/it saw cha vaik eh - he/it didn’t see
honnick ee - she/it saw cha vaik ee - she/it didn’t see
honnick shin - we saw cha vaik shin - we didn’t see
honnick shiu - you saw cha vaik shiu - you didn’t see
honnick ad - they saw cha vaik ad - they didn’t see

vaik mee? - did I see? nagh vaik mee? - didn’t I see?
vaik oo? - did you see? nagh vaik oo? - didn’t you see?
vaik eh? - did he/it see? nagh vaik eh? - didn’t he/it see?
vaik ee? - did she/it see? nagh vaik ee? - didn’t she/it see?
vaik shin? - did we see? nagh vaik shin? - didn’t we see?
vaik ad? - did they see? nagh vaik ad? - didn’t they see?









Future tense of ‘fakin’
hee’m - I’ll see cha vaikym - I won’t see
hee oo - you’ll see cha vaik oo - you won’t see
hee eh - he/it’ll see cha vaik eh - he/it won’t see
hee ee - she/it’ll see cha vaik ee - she/it won’t see
heemayd - we’ll see cha vaikmayd - we won’t see
hee shiu - you’ll see cha vaik shiu - you won’t see
hee ad - they’ll see cha vaik ad - they won’t see

vaikym? - will I see? nagh vaikym? - won’t I see?
vaik oo? - will you see? nagh vaik oo? - won’t you see?
vaik eh? - will he/it see? nagh vaik eh? - won’t he/it see?
vaik ee? - will she see? nagh vaik ee? - won’t she/it see?
vaikmayd? - will we see? nagh vaikmayd? - won’t we see?
vaik shiu? - will you see? nagh vaik shiu? - won’t you see?
vaik ad? - will they see? nagh vaik ad? - won’t they see?


Conditional tense of ‘fakin’
heein - I’d see cha vaikin - I wouldn’t see
heeagh oo - you’d see cha vaikagh oo - you wouldn’t see
heeagh eh - he/it’d see cha vaikagh eh - he/it wouldn’t see
heeagh ee - she/it’d see cha vaikagh ee - she/it wouldn’t see
heeagh shin - we’d see cha vaikagh shin - we wouldn’t see
heeagh ad - they’d see cha vaikagh ad - they wouldn’t see

vaikin? - would I see? nagh vaikin? - wouldn’t I see?
vaikagh oo? - would you see? nagh vaikagh oo? - wouldn’t you see?
vaikagh eh? - would he/it see? nagh vaikagh eh? - wouldn’t he/it see?
vaikagh ee? - would she/it see? nagh vaikagh ee? - wouldn’t she/it see?
vaikagh shin? - would we see? nagh vaikagh shin? - wouldn’t we see?
vaikagh ad? - would they see? nagh vaikagh ad? - wouldn’t they see?

In the dependent forms, n- is found as well as v-, especially after cha, e..g., cha naik mee.


Imperative of ‘fakin’
Singular: jeeagh / cur my ner
Plural: jeeagh-jee, jeeagh-shiu / cur-jee my ner, cur-shiu my ner

Participle of ‘fakin’
fakinit
The Verb ‘geddyn’, ‘feddyn’ - getting’, ‘finding’

Past tense of ‘geddyn’, feddyn’
hooar mee - I got/found cha dooar mee - I didn’t get/find
hooar oo - you got/found cha dooar oo - you didn’t get/find
hooar eh - he/it got/found cha dooar eh - he/it didn’t get/find
hooar ee - she/it got/found cha dooar ee - she/it didn’t get/find
hooar shin - we got/found cha dooar shin - we didn’t get/find
hooar shiu - you got/found cha dooar shiu - you didn’t get/find
hooar ad - they got/found cha dooar ad - they didn’t get/find

dooar mee? - did I get/find? nagh dooar mee? - didn’t I get/find?
dooar oo? - did you get/find? nagh dooar oo? - didn’t you get/find?
dooar eh? - did he/it get/find? nagh dooar eh? - didn’t he/it get/find?
dooar ee? - did she/it get/find? nagh dooar ee? - didn’t she/it get/find?
dooar shin? - did we get/find? nagh dooar shin? - didn’t we get/find?
dooar shiu? - did you get/find? nagh dooar shiu? - didn’t you get/find?
dooar ad? - they get/find? nagh dooar ad? - didn’t they get/find?



Future tense of ‘geddyn’, ‘feddyn’
yioym - I’ll get/find cha voym - I won’t get/find
yiow oo - you’ll get/find cha vow oo - you won’t get/find
yiow eh - he/it’ll get/find cha vow eh - he/it won’t get/find
yiow ee - she/it’ll get/find cha vow ee - she/it won’t get/find
yiowmayd - we’ll get/find cha vowmayd - we won’t get/find
yiow shiu - you’ll get/find cha vow shiu - you won’t get/find
yiow ad - they’ll get/find cha vow ad - they won’t get/find

voym? - will I get?/find? nagh voym? - won’t I get?/find?
vow oo? - will I get?/find? nagh vow oo? - won’t I get?/find?
vow eh? - will he/it get?/find? nagh vow eh? - won’t he/it get?/find?
vow ee? - will she/it get?/find? nagh vow ee? - won’t she/it
get?/find?
vowmayd? - will we get?/find? nagh vowmayd? - won’t we get?/find?
vow shiu? - will you get?/find? nagh vow shiu? - won’t you get?/find?
vow ad? - will they get?/find? nagh vow ad? - won’t they get?/find?
Conditional tense of ‘geddyn’, ‘feddyn’
yioin - I’d get/find cha voin - I wouldn’t get/find
yioghe oo - you’d get/find cha voghe oo - you wouldn’t get/find
yioghe eh - he/it’d get/find cha voghe eh - he/it wouldn’t get/find
yioghe ee - she/it’d get/find cha voghe ee - she/it wouldn’t get/find
yioghe shin - we’d get/find cha voghe shin - we wouldn’t get/find
yioghe shiu - you’d get/find cha voghe shiu - you wouldn’t get/find
yioghe ad - they’d get/find cha voghe ad - they wouldn’t get/find

There are alternative forms with n- instead of v- are found in the dependent future and conditional, especially after cha, as in:
cha noym - I will not get

Imperative of ‘geddyn’, ‘feddyn’
Singular: fow
Plural: fow-jee / fow shiu

Particple
geddynit / feddynit























The Verb ‘goll’ - ‘going’

Past tense of ‘goll’
hie mee - I went cha jagh mee - I didn’t go
hie oo - you went cha jagh oo - you didn’t go
hie eh - he/it went cha jagh eh - he/it didn’t go
hie ee - she/it went cha jagh ee - she/it didn’t go
hie shin - we went cha jagh shin - we didn’t go
hie shiu - you went cha jagh shiu - you didn’t go
hie ad - they went cha jagh ad - they didn’t go

jagh mee? - did I go? nagh jagh mee? - didn’t I go?
jagh oo? - did you go? nagh jagh oo? - didn’t you go?
jagh eh? - did he/it go? nagh jagh eh? - didn’t he/it go?
jagh ee? - did she/it go? nagh jagh ee? - didn’t she/it go?
jagh shin? - did we go? nagh jagh shin? - didn’t we go?
jagh shiu? - did you go? nagh jagh shiu? - didn’t you go?
jagh ad? - did they go? nagh jagh ad? - didn’t they go?

Future tense of ‘goll’
hem - I’ll go cha jem - I won’t go
hed oo - you’ll go cha jed oo - you won’t go
hed eh - he/it’ll go cha jed eh - he/it won’t go
hed ee - she/it’ll go cha jed ee - she/it won’t go
hemmayd - we’ll go cha jemmayd - we won’t go
hed shiu - you’ll go cha jed shiu - you won’t go
hed ad - they’ll go cha jed ad - they won’t go

jem? - will I go? nagh jem? - won’t I go?
jed oo? - will you go? nagh jed oo? - won’t you go?
jed eh? - will he/it go? nagh jed eh? - won’t he/it go?
jed ee? - will she/it go? nagh jed ee? - won’t she/it go?
jemmayd? - will we go? nagh jemmayd? - won’t we go?
jed shiu? - will you go? nagh jed shiu? - won’t you go?
jed ad? - will they go? nagh jed ad? - won’t they go?


Conditional tense of ‘goll’
raghin - I’d go cha raghin - I wouldn’t go
ragh oo - you’d go cha ragh oo - you wouldn’t go
ragh eh - he/it’d go cha ragh eh - he/it wouldn’t go
ragh ee - she/it’d go cha ragh ee - she/it wouldn’t go
ragh shin - we’d go cha ragh shin - we wouldn’t go
ragh shiu - you’d go cha ragh shiu - you wouldn’t go
ragh ad - they’d go cha ragh ad - they wouldn’t go



raghin? - would I go? nagh raghin? - wouldn’t I go?
ragh oo? - would you go? nagh ragh oo? - wouldn’t you go?
ragh eh? - would he/it go? nagh ragh eh? - wouldn’t he/it go?
ragh ee? - would she go? nagh ragh ee? - wouldn’t she?/it go?
ragh shin? - would we go? nagh ragh shin? - wouldn’t we go?
ragh shiu? - would you go? nagh ragh shiu? - wouldn’t you go?
ragh ad? - would they go? nagh ragh ad? - wouldn’t they go?

Imperative of ‘goll’
Singular: gow / immee
Plural: gow-jee, gow-shiu / immee-jee, immee-shiu

Participle equivalent
ersooyl (‘gone’, ‘away’)


The Verb ‘gra’ - ‘saying’

Past tense of ‘gra’
dooyrt mee - I said cha dooyrt mee - I didn’t say
dooyrt oo - you said cha dooyrt oo - you didn’t say
dooyrt eh - he/it said cha dooyrt eh - he/it didn’t say
dooyrt ee - she/it said cha dooyrt ee - she/it didn’t say
dooyrt shin - we said cha dooyrt shin - we didn’t say
dooyrt shiu - you said cha dooyrt shiu - you didn’t say
dooyrt ad - they said cha dooyrt ad - they didn’t say

dooyrt mee? - did I say? nagh dooyrt mee? - didn’t I say?
dooyrt oo? - did you say? nagh dooyrt oo? - didn’t you say?
dooyrt eh? - did he/it say? nagh dooyrt eh? - didn’t he/it say?
dooyrt ee? - did she/it say? nagh dooyrt ee? - didn’t she/it say?
dooyrt shin? - did we say? nagh dooyrt shin? - didn’t we say?
dooyrt shiu? - did you say? nagh dooyrt shiu? - didn’t you say?
dooyrt ad? - did they say? nagh dooyrt ad? - didn’t they say?


Future tense of ‘gra’
jirrym - I’ll say cha jirrym - I won’t say
jir oo - you’ll say cha jir oo - you won’t say
jir eh - he/it’ll say cha jir eh - he/it won’t say
jir ee - she/it’ll say cha jir ee - she/it won’t say
jirmayd - we’ll say cha jirmayd - we won’t say
jir shiu - you’ll say cha jir shiu - you won’t say
jir ad - they’ll say cha jir ad - they won’t say



jirrym? - will I say? nagh jirrym? - won’t I say?
jir oo? - will you say? nagh jir oo? - won’t you say?
jir eh? - will he/it say? nagh jir eh? - won’t he/it say?
jir ee? - will she/it say? nagh jir ee? - won’t she/it say?
jirmayd? - will we say? nagh jirmayd? - won’t we say?
jir shiu? - will you say? nagh jir shiu? - won’t you say?
jir ad? - will they say? nagh jir ad? - won’t they say?

Other forms are found:
niarrym? - will I say?
abbyrym - I’ll say
nagh n’abbyrym? - won’t I say?



Conditional tense of ‘gra’
yiarrin - I’d say cha niarrin - I wouldn’t say
yiarragh oo - you’d say cha niarragh oo - you wouldn’t say
yiarragh eh - he/it’d say cha niarragh eh - he/it wouldn’t say
yiarragh ee - she/it’d say cha niarragh ee - she/it wouldn’t say
yiarragh shin - we’d say cha niarragh shin - we wouldn’t say
yiarragh shiu - you’d say cha niarragh shiu - you wouldn’t say
yiarragh ad - they’d say cha niarragh ad - they wouldn’t say

niarrin? - would I say? nagh niarrin? - wouldn’t I say?
niarragh oo? - would you say? nagh niarragh oo? - wouldn’t you say?
niarragh eh? - would he/it say? nagh niarragh eh? - wouldn’t he/it say?
niarragh ee? -would she/it say? nagh niarragh ee? - wouldn’t she/it say?
niarragh shin? - would we say? nagh niarragh shin? - wouldn’t we say?
niarragh shiu? - would you say? nagh niarragh shiu? - wouldn’t you say?
niarragh ad? - would they say? nagh niarragh ad? - wouldn’t they say?


Imperative of ‘gra’
Singular: abbyr
Plural: abbyr-jee. abbyr-shiu


Participle
grait


The Verb ‘goaill’ - ‘taking’

Past tense of ‘goaill’
ghow mee - I took cha ghow mee - I didn’t take
ghow oo - you took cha ghow oo - you didn’t take
ghow eh - he/it took cha ghow eh - he/it didn’t take
ghow ee - she/it took cha ghow ee - she/it didn’t take
ghow shin - we took cha ghow shin - we didn’t take
ghow shiu - you took cha ghow shiu - you didn’t take
ghow ad - they took cha ghow ad - they didn’t take

ghow mee? - did I take? nagh ghow mee? - didn’t I take?
ghow oo? - did you take? nagh ghow oo? - didn’t you take?
ghow eh? - did he/it take? nagh ghow eh? - didn’t he/it take?
ghow ee? - did she/it take? nagh ghow ee? - didn’t she/it take?
ghow shin? - did we take? nagh ghow shin? - didn’t we take?
ghow shiu? - did you take? nagh ghow shiu? - didn’t you take?
ghow ad? - did they take? nagh ghow ad? - didn’t they take?


Future tense of ‘goaill’
goym - I’ll take cha goym - I won’t take
gowee oo - you’ll take cha gow oo - you won’t take
gowee eh - he/it’ll take cha gow eh - he/it won’t take
gowee ee - she/it’ll take cha gow ee - she/it won’t take
gowmayd - we’ll take cha gowmayd - we won’t take
gowee shiu - you’ll take cha gow shiu - you won’t take
gowee ad - they’ll take cha gow ad - they won’t take

goym? - will I take? nagh goym? - won’t I take?
gow oo? - will you take? nagh gow oo? - won’t you take?
gow eh? - will he/it take? nagh gow eh? - won’t he/it take?
gow ee? - will she/it take? nagh gow ee? - won’t she/it take?
gowmayd? - will we take? nagh gowmayd? - won’t we take?
gow shiu? - will you take? nagh gow shiu? - won’t you take?
gow ad? - will they take? nagh gow ad? - won’t they take?

Relative
ghoys









Conditional tense of ‘goaill’
ghoin - I’d take cha goin - I wouldn’t take
ghoghe oo - you’d take cha goghe oo - you wouldn’t take
ghoghe eh - he/it’d take cha goghe eh - he/it wouldn’t take
ghoghe ee - seh/it’d take cha goghe ee - she/it wouldn’t take
ghoghe shin - we’d take cha goghe shin - we wouldn’t take
ghoghe shiu - you’d take cha goghe shiu - you wouldn’t take
ghoghe ad - they’d take cha goghe ad - they wouldn’t take

goin? - would I take? nagh goin? - wouldn’t I take?
goghe oo? - would you take? nagh goghe oo? - wouldn’t you take?
goghe eh? - would he/it take? nagh goghe eh? - wouldn’t he/it take?
goghe ee? - would she/it take? nagh goghe ee? - wouldn’t she/it take?
goghe shin? - would we take? nagh goghe shin? - wouldn’t we take?
goghe shiu? - would you take? nagh goghe shiu? - wouldn’t you take?
goghe ad? - would they take? nagh goghe ad? - wouldn’t they take?

Imperative of ‘goaill’
Singular: gow
Plural: gow-jee, gow-shiu


Participle
goit

















Regular Verbs

All tenses can be formed from the verbal noun and the stem (imperative). The verb to lose is often used for illustration:

Verbal noun: coayl - losing
Imperative singular: caill! - lose!

The verbal noun is used with the verbs to be and to do / make as indicated previously:

ta mee coayl - I am losing; I lose
row ee coayl? - was she losing?
beemayd coayl - we will be losing
beagh ad coayl? - would they be losing?

ren mee coayl - I lost
nagh jean oo coayl? - won’t you lose?
jinnagh eh coayl? - would he lose?


Inflected tenses:

Past: take the imperative and lenite it:

chaill mee - I lost cha chaill mee - I didn’t lose
chaill oo - you lost cha chaill oo - you didn’t lose
chaill shin - we lost cha chaill shin - we didn’t lose

chaill mee? - did I lose? nagh chaill mee? - didn’t I lose?
chaill oo? - did you lose? nagh chaill oo? - didn’t you lose?
chaill shin? - did we lose? nagh chaill shin? - didn’t we lose?


Future: take the imperative and add to it (sometimes). You get nasalisation:
caillym - I’ll lose cha gaillym - I will not lose
caillee oo - you’ll lose cha gaill oo - you will not lose
caillmayd - we’ll lose cha gaillmayd - we’ll not lose

gaillym? - will I lose? nagh gaillym? - won’t I lose?
gaill oo? - will you lose? nagh gaill oo? - won’t you lose?
gaillmayd? - will we lose? nagh gaillmayd? - won’t we lose?






Conditional: take the imperative and add to it. Lenition and nasalisation:
chaillin - I’d lose cha gaillin - I wouldn’t lose
chaillagh oo - you’d lose cha gaillagh oo - you wouldn’t lose
chaillagh shin - we’d lose cha gaillagh shin - we wouldn’t lose

gaillin? - would I lose? nagh gaillin? - wouldn’t I lose?
gaillagh oo?- would you lose? nagh gaillagh oo?-wouldn’t you lose?
gaillagh shin? - would we lose? nagh gaillagh shin? - wouldn’t we lose?

Imperative (same as ‘stem’)
caill! - lose!

Past participle: add ‘-it’ to stem:
caillit - lost

Relative form: take the stem, lenite is and add ‘-ys’:
chaillys
Example of use: Y dooinney chaillys yn argid - The man who will lose the money.

Similar rules apply to all regular verbs. There are some variations depending on the form of the stem. For verbs where the stem starts with a vowel:

Take the stem - for instance, ‘aase’ - ‘grow’.

Past: put d’ in front of the stem:
d’aase mee - I grew cha d’aase mee - I didn’t grow
d’aase oo - you grew cha d’aase oo - you didn’t grow
d’aase shin - we grew cha d’aase shin - we didn’t grow

d’aase mee? - did I grow? nagh d’aase mee? - didn’t I grow?
d’aase oo? - did you grow? nagh d’aase oo? - didn’t you grow?
d’aase shin? - did we grow? nagh d’aase shin? - didn’t we grow?

Future: take the stem (imperative) and add to it (sometimes):
aasym - I’ll grow cha n’aasym - I’ll not grow
aasee oo - you’ll grow cha n’aase oo - you’ll not grow
aasemayd - we’ll grow cha n’aasemayd - we’ll not grow

n’aasym? - will I grow? nagh n’aasym? - won’t I grow?
n’aase oo? - will you grow? nagh n’aase oo? - won’t you grow?
n’aasemayd? - will we grow? nagh n’aasemayd? - won’t we grow?




Conditional: take the stem and add to it:
aasin - I would grow cha n’aasin - I wouldn’t grow
aasagh ee - she would grow cha n’aasagh ee -she wouldn’t grow
aasagh shin - we’d grow cha n’aasagh shin-we wouldn’t grow

n’aasin? - would I grow? nagh n’aasin? - wouldn’t I grow?
n’aasagh eh? - would he grow? nagh n’aasagh eh? - wouldn’t he grow?
n’aasagh shin? - would we grow? nagh n’aasagh shin? - wouldn’t we grow?

Past participle
aasit - grown

Relative
aasys (Yn inneen aasys dy tappee - The girl who will grow quickly.)


What is the verb stem starts with ‘f’?

faag! - leave!

Past: remove the ‘f’ and put ‘d’ in front:
d’aag mee - I left cha d’aag mee - I did not leave
d’aag ee - she left cha d’aag ee - she didn’t leave
d’aag shin - we left cha d’aag shin - we didn’t leave

d’aag mee? - did I leave? nagh d’aag mee? - didn’t I leave?
d’aag ee? - did she leave? nagh d’aag ee? - didn’t she leave?
d’aag shin? - did we leave? nagh d’aag shin? - didn’t we leave?

Future: add to the stem (sometimes) - nasalisation in the ‘dependent’ forms:
faagym - I will leave cha vaagym/n’aagym - I’ll not leave
faagee oo - you’ll leave cha vaag/n’aag oo - you’ll not leave
faagmayd - we’ll leave cha vaagmayd/n’aagmayd - we’ll not leave

vaagym?/n’aagym? - will I leave? nagh vaagym/n’aagym? - won’t I leave?
vaag/n’aag oo? - will you leave? nagh vaag/n’aag oo? - won’t you leave?
vaagmayd?/n’aagmayd? - nagh vaagmayd?/nagh n’aagmayd?-
will we leave? won’t we leave?





Conditional: ‘f’ disappears - nasalisation in dependent forms: add to stem:
aagin - I would leave cha vaagin/n’aagin -I wouldn’t leave
aagagh eh - he’d leave cha vaagagh/n’aagagh eh - he
wouldn’t leave
aagagh shin - we’d leave cha vaagagh/n’aagagh shin -
we wouldn’t leave

vaagin?/n’aagin?-would I leave? nagh vaagin/n’aagin? - wouldn’t I leave?
vaagagh/n’aagagh eh? - nagh vaagagh/n’aagagh eh? -
would he leave? wouldn’t he leave?
vaagagh/n’aagagh shin? - nagh vaagagh/n’aagagh shin? -
would we leave? wouldn’t we leave?

Past participle
faagit - left

Relative
aagys (Y ven aagys mairagh - The woman who will leave tomorrow.)


Regular verbs with verb nouns in ‘-agh’, ‘-aghey’, ‘-aghyn’, ‘-aght’, ‘-aghtyn’.
Example: cooinee! - remember! cooinaghtyn - remembering

Past: lenite (aspirate) the stem:
chooinee mee - I remembered cha chooinee mee-I didn’t remember
chooinee oo - you remembered cha chooinee oo - you didn’t remember
chooinee shin - we remembered cha chooinee shin - we didn’t
remember

chooinee mee? - did I remember? nagh chooinee mee? - didn’t I remember?
chooinee oo? - did you remember? nagh chooinee oo? - didn’t you remember?
chooinee shin? - did we remember? nagh chooinee shin? - didn’t we remember?











Future: take the stem and add ‘-ym’ for ‘I’ and ‘-mayd’ for ‘we’; nasalisation in the dependent:
cooineeym - I’ll remember cha gooineeym - I won’t remember
cooinee ee - she’ll remember cha gooinee ee-she won’t remember
cooineemayd - we’ll remember cha gooineemayd - we won’t remember

gooineeym? - will I remember? nagh gooineeym? - won’t I remember?
gooinee ee? - will she remember? nagh gooinee ee? - won’t she remember?
gooineemayd? - will we remember? nagh gooineemayd? - won’t we remember?

Conditional: add ‘-in’ to the stem for ‘I’ and ‘-agh’ in other persons; aspirate the independent form, nasalise the dependent form:
chooineein - I would remember cha gooineein - I would not remember
chooineeagh eh - he would remember cha gooineeagh eh - he would not remember
chooineeagh shin - we’d remember cha gooineeagh shin - we’d not remember

gooineein? - would I remember? nagh gooineein? - wouldn’t I remember?
gooineeagh eh?-would he remember? nagh gooineeagh eh?- wouldn’t he remember?
gooineeagh shin? - would we nagh gooineeagh shin? - remember? wouldn’t we remember?

Past participle
cooinit - remembered

Relative
chooineeys (Y mac chooinneeys yn argid - The son who will remember the money.)